Method of determining the location of the sexual neurovascular bundle (internal pudendal artery, internal pudendal vein and pudendal nerve) / Método para determinar la ubicación del haz neurovascular sexual (vena y arteria pudenda interna y nervio pudendo)

Disorders in the course of the neurovascular bed of the sexual neurovascular bundle (NVB) entail problems of gynecological, andrological and urological nature, for example, the state of impotence in men. The aim of the study was to establish a method to determine a projection. The Arteria pudenda interna, Vena pudenda interna and Nervus pudendus (sexual neurovascular bundle or NVB) from the infrapiriform foramen to the Alcock's canal (pudendal canal) in which the pudendal neurovascular bundle runs. Topographic and anatomical study was performed on 15 corpses without organ complex (remote shore): 9-from men and 6-women, aged 36 to 74 years. Each object of study (corpse) included 2 pairs of sexual NVB, a total of 30 investigated. The information obtained on the projection branches of the pudendal nerve, and pudendal internal artery and pudendal internal vein from infrapiriform foramen to the entrance of the pudendal canal. A method for determining the projection of sexual NVB in the gluteal region was developed. The projection of Arteria pudenda interna, Vena pudenda interna and Nervus pudendus from the infrapiriform foramen in the gluteal region and to the entrance of the pudendal canal is determined. The morphometric data necessary for the mathematical equation developed by us for the calculation of the boundaries of the projection of the desired plane in the course of the sexual NVB are obtained . Using these data in the method of mathematical calculation developed by us using the formula C'c' = 0,2679 x (A'G-AD+3), we determined the projection of the figure, in the form of a trapezoid, in the center of which the projection of the sexual NVB is determined.A method for determining the projection of the sexual neurovascular bundle in the gluteal region for diagnosis and therapeutic effects on sexual NPS was developed.

Los trastornos en el curso de las estructuras del haz neurovascular sexual conllevan problemas de naturaleza ginecológica, andrológica y urológica, por ejemplo, el estado de impotencia en los hombres. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer un método para determinar una proyección de los vasos pudendos internos y el nervio pudendo (haz neurovascular sexual o HNV) desde el foramen infrapiriforme hasta el canal de Alcock (canal pudendo). Se realizó un estudio topográfico y anatómico en 15 cadáveres: 9 hombres y 6 mujeres, entre 36 y 74 años. Se analizaron 30 muestras, cada cadáver incluyó 2 pares de HNV sexuales. Se obtuvo información sobre las ramas de proyección de la arteria, y vena pudenda interna y del nervio pudendo, desde el foramen infrapiriforme hasta la entrada al canal pudendo. Se desarrolló un método para determinar la proyección de NVB sexual en la región glútea. La proyección de la vena pudenda interna y del nervio pudendo se determinó desde el foramen infrapiriformis en la región glútea, hasta la entrada del canal pudendo. Se obtuvieron datos morfométricos necesarios para la ecuación matemática y obtener el cálculo de los límites de la proyección del plano deseado en el curso de la HNV sexual. Usando estos datos se utilizó la fórmula C'c '= 0,2679 x (A'G-AD + 3), y se realizó la proyección de la figura, en forma de trapecio, en el centro del cual se determinó la proyección de la HNV sexual. Se desarrolló un método para la proyección del haz neurovascular sexual en la región glútea, en el diagnóstico y los efectos terapéuticos sobre el NPS sexual.

Hierarchical structure of Five-shu points and Source-point of Triple Energizer Meridian in rabbits / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To study the position and hierarchical structure of Five-shu points, i．e., "Guanchong" (TE1), "Yemen" (TE2), "Zhongzhu" (TE3), "Yangchi" (TE4) and "Zhigou" (TE6), and the Source-point "Tianjing" (TE10) of the Triple Energizer (TE) Meridian in the rabbit. METHODS: Based on WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (WHO Standard) and National Standard (GB/T 22103-2008) for Acupuncture Point Locations in human body, and combined with X-ray images, the hierarchical structure of Five-shu points and Source-point of the TE Meridian were observed in ten New Zealand rabbits. The acupoint locations were determined by comparing the same name tissues of the rabbits and human body after dissecting the above-mentioned acupoints. After inserting acupuncture needles into the aforementioned acupoints, the relationship between the acupuncture needle and adjacent structure were dissected and measured. RESULTS: "Guanchong" (TE1) was located on the lateral side of the 4th terminal phalanx, and behind the corner of the onyx root. When needled, the penetrated tissues of the acupuncture needle are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and the root region of the 4th phalanx, respectively. "Yemen" (TE2) was located between the 4th and 5th onyxes, at the depression of intersection of coat hair superior to the fingerweb edge. When needled, the penetrated tissues of the acupuncture needle are the superficial fascia, deep fascia and lumbrical muscles of the forepaw, respectively. "Zhongzhu" (TE3) was located between the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones, at the depression proximal to the 4th metacarpophalangeal joint. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and lumbrical muscle, respectively. "Yangchi" (TE4) was positioned at the dorsal side of the forepaw, and the surface connection line between the accessory and radial bones intersected with the depression of the extensor digitorum communis on the ulnar side. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and the ulnar side of the common extensor tendon, respectively. "Zhigou" (TE6) was positioned between the radius and ulna, on the posterior aspect of the forelimb and 3 Bone-cun proximal to the distal dorsal forepaw crease. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and the extensor digitorum, respectively. "Tianjing" (TE10) was located at the junction of the body of humerus and the lateral condyle of humerus, on the posterior aspect of the elbow and proximal to the prominence of the olecranon. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and triceps brachii muscle, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Five-shu points and Source-point of the TE Meridian on the forelimb in rabbits are innervated by the cutaneous branches of the ulnar radial nerve and the medial brachial cutaneous nerve at the superficial layer, and by the branches of the ulnar nerve and radial nerve in the deep layer, accompanied with cephalic vein and forearm blood vessels and their branches.

Innervation of subclavius muscle: an anatomical study / Inervación del músculo subclavio: un estudio anatómico

This study was aimed to provide accurate parameters to localize the nerve endings for subclavius muscle belly and to investigate the basic information on nerve innervations on subclavius muscle. Twenty-two adult non-embalmed cadavers (7 males and 4 females) with a mean age of 68.7 years (range, 43-88 years) were enrolled for the present study. For measurements, the most prominent point of the sternal end of the clavicle (SEC) on anterior view and the most prominent point of the acromial end of the clavicle (AEC) were identified as the reference point. A line connecting the SEC and AEC was used as a reference line. Among all the measured points, 92.2 % of the points were gathered from 40 to 60 distances on the reference line. In one male specimen, both the sides of the nerve to the subclavius were merged with the phrenic nerve. It is further hypothesized that the basic anatomical results about the nerve branching pattern will be helpful in the clinical field.

El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar parámetros precisos para localizar las terminaciones nerviosas correspondientes al músculo subclavio e investigar la información básica sobre la inervación de los nervios en el músculo subclavio. Fueron incluidos 22 cadáveres adultos no fijados (7 hombres y 4 mujeres) con una edad media de 68,7 años (rango: 43-88 años). Para las mediciones se identificaron como punto de referencia, el punto más prominente del extremo esternal de la clavícula (SEC) en la vista anterior y el punto más prominente de la parte acromial de la clavícula (AEC). Se utilizó una línea que conecta la SEC y AEC como línea de referencia. Entre todos los puntos medidos, el 92,2 % de los puntos se obtuvieron de 40 a 60 distancias en la línea de referencia. En un espécimen masculino, a ambos lados, el nervio del músculo subclavio se presentó fusionado con el nervio frénico. Además, se plantea la hipótesis de que los resultados anatómicos básicos sobre el patrón de ramificación nerviosa serán útiles en el campo clínico.

A CT scan anatomical study correlating between the retroversion of the humeral head and the orientation of the inter-tubercular sulcus

The shoulder socket is called the glenoid fossa This socket is shallow and is part of the scapula (shoulder blade) The surface of the humeral head and the inside of the fossa are covered with articular cartilage The glenohumeral joint consists of an articulation between the scapula and humerus Retroversion angle of humeral head (or retrotorsion angle, RA) is an important parameter in total shoulder arthroplasty and is one of these important reference factors which can influence the outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty This study was undertaken to evaluate the correlation between retroversion angle of humeral head and position of intertubercular sulcus The present study is a prospective one which was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging at Government Medical College and Hospital, Srinagar The 60 dry adult humeri were analyzed by multiplanar computed tomography (CT) CT data were transferred to a workstation (Silicon Grafics; Sunnyvale, CA) for multiplanar CT-reformation The mean retroversion angle of the humeral head in relation of the transe-picondylar axis was 123 degree The mean ITS orientation was 407 degree The Pearson correlation coefficient between the retroversion of the humeral head and the ITS orientation was -037 There was an inverse correlation between the retroversion of the humeral head and the ITS orientation This variation is due to several factors, including the definition of humeral head retroversion, different methods of measurement, ranges of normal values, and accuracy of anatomic landmarks to guide determination of anatomic retroversion Humeral head retroversion is generally defined with respect to the plane of the humeral head articular surface proximally; distally, however, Yassar Shiekh, Aamir Javed Khan, Mohammad Iqbal Bhat A CT scan anatomical study correlating between the retroversion of the humeral head and the orientation of the inter-tubercular sulcus IAIM, 2018; 5(12): 96-101 Page 97 the reference axis has been debated, including the transepicondylar axis, trochlear tangent axis and forearm axis The study concludes that there is a reverse correlation between the retroversion of the humeral head and the orientation of the intertubercular sulcus

Anatomical study of anterior cruciate ligament and its effect on reconstruction technique / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To summarize the current research progress of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anatomy, and discuss its effect on the reconstruction technique.

Anteromedial elbow approach for coronoid process fractures: a cadaveric study and case report / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To provide an anatomical basis for treatment of coronoid process fractures through an anteromedial elbow approach and evaluate its clinical effects.Methods Forty cadaveric specimens of adult upper limb were dissected to evaluate the anatomical relationships between the median nerve branches and the nearby muscles in the field of the anteromedial elbow approach.On the basis of the anatomical study,10 patients with coronoid fracture were treated from June 2014 to June 2015.They were 7 males and 3 females,from 17 to 63 years of age (average,43 years).By the O'Driscoll classification,there were 2 cases of type Ⅰ1,3 ones of type Ⅰ2,one of type Ⅱ1,3 ones of type Ⅱ2 and one of type Ⅲ2.The anteromedial elbow approach through the intramuscular space between the pronator teres and the flexor carpi radialis was used to reduce and fixate the fractures of unlar coronoid process and to explore and repair the medial collateral ligaments in all the patients.The ranges of extension,flexion and rotation of the elbow joint were measured at the last follow-ups;the function of the elbow was evaluated according to Mayo elbow performance scores (MEPS).Results The main branch of the median nerve ran between the lateral and the medial epicondyles of the humerus,27.34 mm away to the medial epicondyle of the humerus.The mean distance between the first pronator teres nerve branch and the coronoid process was 13.19 mm.The mean distance between the flexor carpi radialis nerve branch and the coronoid process was 47.02 mm.The mean distance from the medial epicondyle to the flexor carpi radialis nerve branch was 64.40 mm.All the patientswere followed up for an average of 12 months (from 6 to 18 months).Fractures united after an average of 1.8 months (from 1.5 to 2.0 months).Deformity,instability,pain or limited motion of the elbow joint was not observed during the follow-ups.At the last follow-ups,the mean flexion-extension arc of the elbow was 133.0° (from 120° to 140°),the mean rotation was 144.5° (from 130° to 160°),and the mean MEPS was 98 points (from 95 to 100 points).Conclusions The anteromedial approach through the intramuscular space between the pronator teres and the flexor carpi radiafis is a reliable and safe access for coronoid process fractures,because it leads to less injury to the median nerve than the anterior approach,and exposes the coronoid more favorably than the medial approach to facilitate reduction and fixation of the fracture fragments.

Radiographic assessment of vertebral artery injury in anterior cervical surgery in healthy adults / 中华外科杂志

Objectives@#To study the relationship between the anatomical parameters of transverse foramen and intervertebral discs in the cross-section of the cervical spine in healthy adults, and to evaluate the risk of vertebral artery injury in the anterior cervical spine surgery.@*Methods@#There were 24 healthy adults(12 male, 12 female) underwent neck CT angiography with clear vertebral artery and the adjacent structure imaging from June to December 2014 in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. The anatomical parameters of vertebral artery V2 segment with lower cervical vertebrae and intervertebral discs were measured by cross-sectional images of C3-6. The corresponding parameters of different sex and both sides of the same segment were analyzed by independent samples t-test and paired t test, respectively. The least significant difference(LSD) t test was used to compare the corresponding data between different segments.@*Results@#The vertebral artery was not walking in the middle of the transverse foramen in healthy individual, but partial medial, partial front walking. Transverse diameter of transverse foramen in male and female were 6.62-6.89 mm and 6.21-6.45 mm, and sagittal diameter was 5.41-6.48 mm and 5.40-6.10 mm, respectively.The transverse foramen were slightly oval. The distance between vertebral artery and midline in male and female were 14.23-16.12 mm and 13.60-15.04 mm, respectively, which was much larger than the width of cervical vertebral corpectomy. Compared with C3-4, intervertebral disc, the transverse distance between the vertebral artery and the uncovertebral joint of C4-5, C5-6 was smaller, and the distance from the vertebral artery to the posterior margin of the uncovertebral joint was relatively small, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.449, P=0.022). The distance from vertebral artery to the posterior margin of uncinate process was 1/5-2/5 of the distance between the anterior and posterior edge of the corresponding segmental vertebra.@*Conclusion@#Based on this anatomical study, the risk of vertebral artery injury in conventional anterior cervical decompression is small, and the risk of vertebral artery injury in different segments is slightly different.

Functional anatomical, histological and ultrastructural studies of three chameleon species: Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chamaeleo africanus, and Chamaeleon vulgaris / Estudios anatómicos, histológicos y ultraestructurales funcionales de tres especies de camaleón: Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chamaeleo africanus, y Chamaeleon vulgaris

Three chamaeleon species including Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chameleon Chamaeleo africanus, and Chamaeleon vulgaris were collected and their tongue were dissected and examined morphologically and investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Both species showed similar histological manifestation of lingual papillae and tubular glands with dense mucous secretion especially in Chamaeleon vulgaris. There is no keratinization of lingual surfaces. Ultrastructurally, filliform represent the only pattern of lingual pappillae and take either cylindrical, conical and leaflet structure.Although the examined chalmaeleon species collected from different habitat, it shows almost similarities in their histological and ultrastructural structures.

Fueron recolectadas tres especies de Camaleón incluyendo Camaleón Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Camaleón Chamaeleo africanus y Chamaeleon vulgaris. Se disecó su lengua y examinó morfológicamente mediante el uso de microscopía de luz y electrónica de barrido. Ambas especies mostraron características histológicas similares en relación a las papilas linguales y glándulas tubulares con secreción mucosa densa, especialmente el Chamaeleon vulgaris. No hubo queratinización de las superficies linguales. Ultraes-tructuralmente, el único patrón de papilas linguales fue el filiforme, tomando una estructura ya sea cilíndrica, cónica y de hoja. Aunque las especies de Camaleón examinadas se recogieron de diferentes hábitat, ellas mostraron similitudes en su estructura histológica y ultraestructural.

The effective injection point of the popliteal region: a cadaver dissection without removing the perineurium / Punto de inyección efectivo en la región poplítea: disección en cadáver sin remover el perineuro

The aim of this study was to determine the in-depth anatomical location of the neurovascular structures important for nerve block. Forty fresh specimens from 22 adult Korean cadavers were used for this study. The average angle and depth of the bifurcation point of the sciatic nerve (BC) was 18.7±3.6° and 20.6±7.1 mm, respectively. The point where the nerve branching point out for the muscles on the posterior compartment of leg were expressed in percentage distance relative to the vertical distance from popliteal crease to BC. The medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerve for 129.0% and 116.4%, medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius for 137.2% and 141.9%, the soleus for 179.5%, the deep compartment of leg for 167.0%. Our results provide detailed anatomical information to guide optimal nerve block.

El objetivo fue determinar en profundidad la localización anatómica de las estructuras neurovasculares importantes para el bloqueo del nervio poplíteo. Se utilizaron cuarenta muestras de 22 cadáveres coreanos adultos frescos. El ángulo medio y la profundidad del sitio de bifurcación del nervio ciático (BC) fue 18,7±3,6° y 20,6±7,1 mm, respectivamente. El punto en el que se identifica la ramificación del nervio para los músculos del compartimento posterior de la pierna se expresó en porcentaje de distancia relativa a la distancia vertical desde el pliegue poplíteo a BC. La distancia relativa de los nervios cutáneos sural medial y lateral fue 129,0% y 116,4%, respectivamente; de las cabezas medial y lateral del músculo gastrognemio fue 137,2% y 141,9%, del músculo sóleo fue 179,5%, y del compartimento profundo de la pierna fue 167,0%. Nuestros resultados proporcionan información anatómica detallada para guiar en forma óptima el bloqueo del nervio.

Imaging anatomical study of kidney and colon position changes between the prone and low-arch oblique supine positions / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To provide imaging anatomy basis for percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( PCNL) by measuring relative displacement and changes in anatomical position of kidney and colon under the prone and low-oblique supine positions.Methods Forty-six patients scheduled for PCNL underwent 64-slice spiral CT scan under the prone and low-arch oblique supine position before the PCNL.The horizontal distance of kidney and colon,the distance from colon and analog puncturing line,the distance between the kidney and colon were measured and compared between the 2 positions.Results The distance from colon and analog puncturing line under the low-oblique supine and prone positions were as follows,the left (26.56 ±15.36) mm versus (12.25 ±13.16) mm (t=3.527,P0.05).Conclusions The distance between colon and analog puncturing line increases in the low-arch oblique supine position,because the colon shifts to the ventral.The PCNL in low-arch oblique supine position may reduce the incidence of colon injury,and improve surgical safety.

Anatomical Characters of Leave and Stem of Calea serrata Less., Asteraceae

The genus Calea belongs to the tribe Heliantheae and presents about 125 species. Calea serrata, popularly known as erva-de-cobra, chá-amargo and quebra-tudo, is an endemic species found in southern Brazil and is used in traditional medicine to treat ulcers and livers problems. The present work aimed to study the pharmacobotanical characters of leaves and stems of C. serrata for quality control purposes. The plant material was processed according to standard methods of light and scanning electron microscopy. Glandular capitate-stalked and capitate-sessile, uniseriate multicellular non-glandular trichome with tapered apical cell, conical non-glandular trichome, isobilateral mesophyll, secretory ducts near the endoderm and circular shape with six ribs in the stem were important characters, which contributed to the identification of the species.

Composição química e atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial e anatomia foliar e caulinar de Citrus limettioides Tanaka (Rutaceae) / Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and Anatomy of Citrus limettioides Tanaka(Rutaceae) Leaves and Stem

Citrus limettioides (Rutaceae) é utilizada popularmente para tratamento da sinusite, e também como antitérmica e hipotensora. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: identificar os constituintes dos óleos essenciais da folha e da casca dos frutos de C. limettioides; avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais da folha e da casca dos frutos e realizar o estudo anatômico da folha e caule jovem. Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger modificado e analisados por CG-EM. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada utilizando o método de microdiluição em caldo frente a bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e fungos. Para o estudo anatômico foram realizados cortes histológicos a mão livre e as secções foram coradas com azul de Alcian/safranina, reagente de Steinmetz, lugol e analisados em microscopia de luz. O linalol foi o componente majoritário no óleo essencial das folhas (36,88 a 45,15%) e o limoneno no óleo da casca dos frutos (70,60 a 75,18%). O óleo essencial das folhas apresentou CIM de 2000 μg/mL frente às bactérias e nenhuma atividade frente aos fungos. O óleo essencial da casca dos frutos não apresentou atividade antimicrobiana. A folha é hipoestomática, predominando os estômatos anomocíticos; o mesofilo é dorsiventral com parênquima paliçádico bisseriado e parênquima lacunoso com 11 camadas de células. Cavidades secretoras foram observadas no mesofilo da folha, no pecíolo e no caule, enquanto cristais prismáticos foram identificados em todas as estruturas da folha e do caule. Os dados obtidos no estudo microscópico podem auxiliar na identificação taxonômica desta planta e na avaliação da autenticidade da droga vegetal.

Citrus limettioides (Rutaceae), a sweet lime, is popularly used to treat sinusitis, and as an antipyretic and hypotensive agent.the aim of this study was to identify the constituents of the essential oils from the leaf and fruit peel of C. limettioides, test the antimicrobial activity of these essential oils and perform an anatomical study of the leaf and young stem. Essential oils were isolated by steam distillation in a modified Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were determined by broth microdilution.Anatomical studies were performed on freehand histological sections, which were stained with Alcian blue / safranin, Steinmetz reagent and lugol and analyzed by light microscopy. Linalol was the major component in the leaf essential oil (36.88 to 45.15%) and limonene in the fruit peel essential oil (70.60 to 75.18%).the essential oil from leaves showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria (MIC 2000 μg/mL) and no activity against fungi.the essential oil from the fruit peel showed no antimicrobial activity. the leaf is hypostomatic with predominance of anomocytic stomata, the mesophyll is dorsiventral with biseriate palisade and 11 layers of spongy parenchyma cells.Secretory cavities were observed among the mesophyll cells of the leaf, petiole and stem, whilst prismatic crystals were identified in all structures of leaf and stem. the anatomical data obtained in the microscopic study may help in the taxonomic identification of this plant and to verify the authenticity of the drug plant.

Meningeal Layers Around Anterior Clinoid Process as a Delicate Area in Extradural Anterior Clinoidectomy : Anatomical and Clinical Study

OBJECTIVE: Removal of the anterior clinoid process (ACP) is an essential process in the surgery of giant or complex aneurysms located near the proximal internal carotid artery or the distal basilar artery. An extradural clinoidectomy must be performed within the limits of the meningeal layers surrounding the ACP to prevent morbid complications. To identify the safest method of extradural exposure of the ACP, anatomical studies were done on cadaver heads. METHODS: Anatomical dissections for extradural exposure of the ACP were performed on both sides of seven cadavers. Before dividing the frontotemporal dural fold (FTDF), we measured its length from the superomedial apex attached to the periorbita to the posterolateral apex which connects to the anterosuperior end of the cavernous sinus. RESULTS: The average length of the FTDF on cadaver dissections was 7 mm on the right side and 7.14 mm on the left side. Cranial nerves were usually exposed when cutting FTDF more than 7 mm of the FTDF. CONCLUSION: The most delicate area in an extradural anterior clinoidectomy is the junction of the FTDF and the anterior triangular apex of the cavernous sinus. The FTDF must be cut from the anterior side of the triangle at the periorbital side rather than from the dural side. The length of the FTDF incision must not exceed 7 mm to avoid cranial nerve injury.

In vitro rhizogenesis: histoanatomy of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) microcuttings

Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) is considered as one of the most valuable forest tree in the tropics. Clonal propagation of this species provide an alternative method to propagate superior genotypes, being the production of good quality adventitious roots one of the most important steps in micropropagation techniques. The sequence of anatomical changes that takes place during the formation of adventitious roots in shoots of Cedrela odorata cultured in vitro is described in this study. Eigth-week-old shoots, from multiplication cultures, were rooted in Murashige and Skoog´s medium (1962) with half- strength macronutrients and with 0 or 1mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Between 12 and 24h after the start of rooting, some cambium, phloem and interfascicular parenchyma cells became dense cytoplasm, nuclei with prominent nucleoli and the first cell divisions were observed, especially in shoots treated with auxin (dedifferentiation phase). After 3-4 days, the number of dedifferentiated cells and mitotic divisions increased considerably, and the formation of groups of some 30-40 meristematic cells (meristemoids) was observed (induction phase). The first primordial roots developed from the 4th-5th day. The vascular tissues of these primordia connected to those of the explant, and roots began to emerge from the base by day 6. Development of the primordial roots was similar in the control shoots and shoots treated with 1mg/l IBA, although there were more roots per explant in the latter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 447-453. Epub 2011 March 01.

Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) es una especie tropical de gran valor económico. La propagación in vitro de esta especie ofrece una vía alternativa para la clonación de genotipos superiores, siendo la formación de un buen sistema radical uno de los pasos claves en la micropropagación. En este trabajo analizamos la secuencia de cambios anatómicos que tienen lugar durante la formación de raíces adventicias en microestaquillas de Cedrela odorata. Para el enraizamiento se utilizó el medio MS con los macronutrientes reducidos a la mitad, suplementado con AIB 0 ó 1mg/l. A partir de las 12-24 horas del comienzo del enraizamiento, se observaron los primeros cambios en las células del cambium, del floema y del parénquima interfascicular (fase de diferenciación). Después de 3-4 días, aparecen grupos de células meristemáticas (fase de inducción). Los primordios se desarrollan después de 4-5 días, siendo visibles al exterior a partir del sexto día (fase de emergencia). El desarrollo de las raíces fue similar en ambos tratamientos, pero la presencia de AIB aumenta el número de raíces.

Plant regeneration from cotyledonary explants of Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn and histological study of organogenesis in vitro

The present work aimed at regenerating plants of Eucalyptus camaldulensis from the cotyledonary explants and describing the anatomy of the tissues during callogenesis and organogenesis processes, in order to determine the origin of the buds. The cotyledonary leaves of E. camaldulensis were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS), WPM and JADS media supplemented with 2.7 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BAP. The best results for bud regeneration were obtained on MS and WPM media (57.5 and 55 percent of calluses formed buds, respectively). Shoot elongation and rooting (80 percent) were obtained on MS/2 medium (with half-strength salt concentration) with 0.2 percent activated charcoal. Acclimatization was performed in the growth chamber for 48 h and then the plants were transferred to a soil:vermiculite mixture and cultured in a greenhouse. Histological studies revealed that the callogenesis initiated in palisade parenchyma cells and that the adventitious buds were formed from the calluses, indicating indirect organogenesis.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de plantas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis a partir de folhas cotiledonares e o estudo da anatomia dos tecidos durante a calogênese e organogênese para determinar a origem das gemas. Folhas cotiledonares foram cultivadas em meios de cultura MS, WPM e JADS suplementados com 2,7 µM de ANA e 4,44 µM de BAP. Os melhores resultados para a regeneração de gemas foram obtidos com os meios MS e WPM. Para o alongamento e enraizamento, o meio de cultura MS/2 contendo 0,2 por cento de carvão ativado apresentou-se eficiente para ambas as etapas. A aclimatização foi realizada mediante a abertura dos frascos na sala de crescimento por 48 horas, seguido da transferência para casa-de-vegetação com nebulização intermitente. Estudos histológicos foram conduzidos e revelaram que a calogênese teve início nas células do parênquima paliçádico e que as gemas adventícias formaram-se a partir dos calos, indicando a organogênese indireta.

Estudo anatômico da parede anterior do abdome em cadáver e hérnia de Spiegel / Anatomical study of the ventral abdominal wall in cadaver and Spigelian hernia

OBJETIVO: Tentar correlacionar a hérnia de Spiegel com eventuais alterações anatômicas da parede anterolateral do abdome. Abordar as particularidades do estudo anatômico em cadáver, com destaque aos músculos oblíquo interno, transverso abdominal, aponeurose de Spiegel, linha semilunar e ao aparecimento de hérnias de Spiegel. MÉTODO: A parede anterolateral do abdome foi dissecada em 31 cadáveres frescos do Departamento de Patologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, sendo realizada nos dois primeiros cadáveres a dissecção unilateral e nos 29 restantes o estudo bilateral da parede abdominal, completando 60 dissecções. Considerando que operamos no Hospital São Luiz Gonzaga, da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 13 doentes com 14 hérnias de Spiegel, pudemos correlacionar os elementos clínicos aos estudos anatômicos em cadáver. RESULTADOS: Defeitos encontrados nos músculos e aponeuroses: Oblíquo externo: 4/60 (6,6 por cento) - Oblíquo interno: 6/60 (10 por cento) - Transverso abdominal: 14/60 (23,3 por cento). Disposição dos músculos em forma de feixes de fibras: Oblíquo interno: 10/60 (16,6 por cento) - Transverso abdominal: 12/60 (20 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: As variações anatômicas e os defeitos encontrados, durante as dissecções do oblíquo interno e transverso abdominal, não se acompanharam de hérnias de Spiegel no cadáver, já a gordura pré-peritoneal, dissecando as fibras da aponeurose de Spiegel e oblíquo interno, foi encontrada nas operações e nas dissecções, podendo representar uma relação entre os defeitos musculoaponeuróticos da parede anterolateral do abdome e a hérnia de Spiegel.

BACKGROUND: The present anatomical study on cadavers has been undertaken together with examinations of patients operated, with the particular aim of investigating the transversus abdominis, internal oblique muscles, Spigelian aponeurosis, semilunar line and the occurrence of Spigelian hernias. METHOD: Ventral abdominal wall was dissected in thirty-one cadavers, being the first two a unilateral dissection and the other twenty-nine a bilateral study of the abdominal wall, totalling sixty dissections. Considering that we operated thirteen patients with forteen Spiegelian hernias at Hospital São Luiz Gonzaga, from Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, we were able to study clinical elements and compare them to the cadaveric material. RESULTS: Muscular and aponeurotic malformation: external oblique muscle: 4/60 (6,6 percent) - internal oblique muscle: 6/60 (10 percent) - transverse abdominal: 14/60 (23,3 percent). Unusual muscular fibers arrangement: internal oblique muscle: 10/60 (16,6 percent) - transverse abdominal: 12/60 (20 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical variations in muscular defects of the cadaveric material didn't match up to Spigelian hernias. The preperitoneal fat found between the fibers of Spigelian aponeurosis and the internal oblique muscle both in the surgery and in the cadaveric material might stand for a relation between musculoaponeurotic defects and the Spigelian hernias.

An anatomical study of anomalous renal pedicle.

Typically, the renal pedicle is located at the renal hilum, such that the renal vein is anterior to the renal artery, which in turn is anterior to the renal pelvis. Objective: Student dissection of cadavers to observe typical anatomy and observe variations that may occur. Methods: The Gross Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University. Results: A total of 180 Thai cadavers were dissected in anatomical practice, during the years 1998 to 2000. Anomalous renal pedicles were found in the cadavers of a 49 year-old female and a 80 year-old male. In the female, the anomalous renal pedicle presented on both the left and right sides. Both the renal pelvises were anterior to the renal vessels. We also found supernumerary renal arteries. The male had only a right anomalous renal pedicle, in which the right renal pelvis lay anterior to the right renal vessel. Variations of the renal arteries were found in this case as well. Conclusion: These observations are important so that during surgery, care be taken in retroperitoneal operations, especially pyelolithotomy.

Endoscopic harvesting of the ulnar nerve in the forearm for the treatment of brachial plexus avulsion injury: anatomical study and clinical significance / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To study the ulnar nerve and its adjacent structures in the forearm and understand the anatomic basis for endoscopic harvesting of the ulnar nerve for the treatment of brachial plexus avulsion injury. Methods Ulnar nerves and their adjacent structures in 6 formaldehyde solution fixed upper limb specimen and 26 fresh upper limb specimens were carefully dissected and observed and measured. The entry path and implementation were designed according to the observations. Simulated operation was performed in 6 fresh autopsy specimens Results In the forearm, ulnar nerve passes through the flexor carpi ulnaris under the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the dorsal branch of the hand passes between the ulnar bone and flexor carpi ulnaris. Also the ulnar nerve descends through intermuscular space, accompaning the ulnar artery in the distant part of the forearm and the artery lies laterally along the nerve. The simulated operations were successfully done in all the 6 specimens. Conclusions The anatomy of the ulnar nerve in the forearm is fairly fixed with no crossing with important structures in its path, incisions of 1～2cm are made above the pisiform bone and under the medial epicondyle of the humerus 3～5cm respecitvely, After isolation of the ulnar nerve's two crosses from the muscle, the remaining part of the ulnar nerve and its adjacent structures are easily dissected. It is concluded that it is safe and reliable to harvest the ulnar nerve in the forearm with endoscopy.

The anatomical study of the ratio of muscle belly length to the remaining length of tendon.

Electrode placement in electrotherapy in physical is very important. Two methods are commonly used, around motor point area or between the two ends of muscle belly. In order to get the best outcome from the stimulation, the approximation of the location of motor point which is about upper third has been presently used so far. The purpose of this study is to provide data base of the ratio between muscle belly length and the remaining length of tendon. The study was done in the muscle of both upper and lower extremities of cadavers. By using two methods of measurement: direct length between the origin-insertion and the actual along the course of muscle. It was found out there is no statistically significant differences.